The Centaur Half Human, Half Horse of Greek Mythology

In Greek and Roman mythology, a centaur is a member of a race of people who are half man and half horse. They were children of the arrogant and overbearing Kentaurus, who had sexual intercourse with mares on Mount Pelion and produced hyper-masculine men with a weakness for wine and women and given to violent behavior.   Fast Facts: Centaurs in Greek Mythology, Half Human, Half Horse Alternate Names: Kentauroi and HippokentauroiCulture/Country: Greek and Roman mythologyRealms and Powers: Wooded parts of Mt. Pelion, ArcadiaFamily: Most of the centaurs are descendants of the obnoxious and bestial Centaurus, except for wise Cheiron and Pholos.Primary Sources: Pindar, Apollodorus, Diodorus of Sicily Centaurs in Greek Mythology The centaur race (Kentauroi or Hippokentauroi in Greek) was created out of Zeus anger. A man named Ixion lived on Mt. Pelion and wanted to marry Dia, the daughter of Deioneous, and promised to give her father a large bride price. Instead, Ixion built a large pit filled with blazing coals to catch his father-in-law and kill him when he came to collect his money. After committing this heinous crime, Ixion sought mercy fruitlessly, until Zeus took pity and invited him to Olympos to share the life of the gods. In return, Ixion attempted to seduce Zeus wife Hera, who complained to Zeus. The almighty god made a cloud Hera and put it into Ixions bed, where he mated with it. The result was the obnoxious and bestial Kentaurus (Centaurus), who mated with several mares and produced the half men/half horses of Greek prehistory. Ixion himself was condemned to the underworld, one of the sinners who suffer everlasting torment in Hades. In some sources, all of the descendants of Centaurus were called Hippo-Centaurus.   Appearance and Reputation   The earliest depictions of centaurs had six legs—a horse body with an entire man attached to the front. Later, centaurs were illustrated with four horse legs and a mans torso and head springing from where the horses head and neck would be.   Almost all of the centaurs were mindlessly sexually and physically violent, half-bestial with little access to females and no self-control, and driven mad by wine and its smell. The two exceptions are Cheiron (or Chiron), who was a tutor to many of the heroes in Greek legends, and the philosopher Pholos (Pholus), a friend of Hercules (Herakles). There are no extant stories about female centaurs, but there are a few examples in ancient art, the daughters of centaurs that married nymphs. Centauromachy (The Centaur/Lapith Wars)   The homeland of the centaurs was in the wooded areas of Mount Pelion, where they lived side by side with nymphs and satyrs; but they were ejected from that location at the end of the wars with their kinsmen the Lapith. The tale is that Peirithoos, a faithful companion of the Greek hero Theseus and a chieftain of the Lapith, threw a feast on his marriage to Hippodameia, and invited his kinsmen the centaurs to attend. Knowing the centaurs lack of control, Peirithoos attempted to serve them milk, but they rejected it and were driven mad by the smell of the wine. They began to molest the female guests, including the bride, which began a furious battle in the hall. One centaur, Eurytion, was dragged out of the hall and his ears and nostrils were cut off.   Fracas at the Wedding Feast of Peirithoos, Bassai Sculpture, The Phigaleian Frieze, Temple of Apollo, Bassae Greece, 420–400 BCE. Print Collector / Hulton Archive / Getty Images Some versions of the story say that set off the Centauromachy, where the Lapiths (with help from Theseus) fought with swords and the centaurs with tree trunks. The centaurs lost and were forced to leave Thessaly, and eventually found their way to the wild mountainous region of Arcadia, which is where Herakles found them.   Cheiron and Pholos Cheiron (or Chiron) was a wise centaur who was born immortal, married Chariklo and had children, and accumulated wisdom and knowledge and a fondness for humans. He was said to have been the son of the titan Kronos, who turned himself into a horse to seduce the Oceanid nymph Phillyrea. Cheiron was the tutor of several of the heroes of Greek history, such as Jason, who lived in Chirons cave for 20 years; and Asklepios, who learned botanical and veterinary medicine from Cheiron. Other pupils included Nestor, Achilles, Meleager, Hippolytos, and Odysseus.   19th Century Ivory Sculpture of Chiron and Achilles. S. Vannini / De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images Plus Another fairly wise leader of the centaurs was Pholos, who was said to be the son of Seilenos the satyr and a Melian nymph. Pholos was visited by Herakles before beginning his fourth labor—Capturing the Erymanthian Boar. Pholos served a meal of meat—thoughtfully cooking Herakles portion. Herakles opened a jar of wine and the smell drove the centaurs gathered outside the cave mad. They rushed the cave, armed with trees and rocks, but Herakles battled them, and the centaurs fled seeking refuge with Cheiron. Herakles shot an arrow after them, but Cheiron was shot, an incurable injury because the arrow had been poisoned with hydra blood from an earlier Labor; Pholos was also shot and died.   Nessos and Herakles Nessos (or Nessus), on the other hand, was the more typically behaved centaur whose job was to ferry people across the river Euenos. After his labors were ended, Herakles married Deineira and lived with her father the King of Calydon until he killed a page of royal blood. Herakles was forced to flee home to Thessaly, and he and his wife Deianeira reached Euenos and paid for the ferry ride. But when Nessos attempted to rape Deineira in mid-stream, Herakles killed him. As he died, Nessos told Deianeira about a way to keep her husband close to her—bad advice from a bad source that eventually led to Herakles death.   Marble statue of Hercules battling the Centaur Nessus; carved by Giambologna in 1599. Loggia dei Lanzi in Piazza della Signoria in Florence, Italy. Fred Matos / Moment / Getty Images Plus Sources and Further Reading Hard, Robin. The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology. London: Routledge, 2003.  Hansen, William. Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Leeming, David. The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.Scobie, Alex. The Origins of Centaurs. Folklore 89.2 (1978): 142–47.  Smith, William, and G.E. Marindon, eds. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London: John Murray, 1904.

Cma Solutions - 63195 Words

Entrance Examination Syllabus Reference Material Copyright 2006 The Society of Management Accountants of Canada All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the copyright holder. Entrance Examination Syllabus Reference Material Introduction The purpose of this reference material is to assist you in reviewing your technical knowledge of selected topics listed in the CMA Entrance Examination Syllabus. The questions illustrate the range in type and depth of knowledge that may be tested in CMA Entrance Examination questions, but they do not represent simulations of the style and composition of CMA Entrance Examination questions. This material contains a selection of problems and†¦show more content†¦CMA Canada Entrance Examination Syllabus Reference Material Question Number Interim reporting (FA) Harburg Ltd. 20 24 1 17 21 26 30 13 28 21 27 29 17 5 10 26 29 30 1 7 8 12 27 30 1 10 12 13 27 30 10 29 30 Internal control Precision Company Joint costing (MA) Canadian Alcov Ltd. Leases (FA) Oletivy Ltd. Audiotron Limited Management control in not-for-profit and government organizations (MA) Amos Police Force Marketing Worldtech Operations management Sweet Company Harvard Industrial Tools Inc. Ownership equity and earnings per share (FA) Audiotron Limited Epic Ltd. High Tech Incorporated Pensions (FA) Oletivy Ltd. Performance evaluation and reward systems (MA) Ferguson Foundry Limited Cedar Electronics Limited Amos Police Force High Tech Incorporated Worldtech Pricing (MA) Canadian Alcov Ltd. Shanks Golf School Brookfield Gearbox Products Slick Ltd. Epic Ltd. Worldtech Relevant costing (MA) Canadian Alcov Ltd. Cedar Electronics Limited Slick Ltd. Sweet Company Epic Ltd. Worldtech Responsibility accounting (MA) Cedar Electronics Limited High Tech Incorporated Worldtech CMA Canada 4 Entrance Examination Syllabus Reference Material Question Number Segmented information (FA) Harburg Ltd. Epic Ltd. 20 27 9 13 14 25 29 28 22 30 10 30 4 5 6 11 28 Short and intermediate-term financial planing and management (CF) Vancouver Excavation Limited Sweet Company Pro-ChipShow MoreRelatedCma Mock Exam Solution19872 Words   |  80 PagesFall 2011 Mock Entrance Examination 1 Solutions  © 2011 Certified Management Accountants of Ontario. All rights reserved.  ®/â„ ¢ Registered Trade-Marks/Trade-Marks are owned by the Certified Management Accountants of Ontario. 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Is Competition Good or Bad Free Essays

A continuing concern within physical education is the proper role and level of competition. Many of the abuses associated with organized sport are assumed to be the result of an overemphasis on competition, of a win-at-all -costs perspective. It is not uncommon for physical educators to advocate reducing competition, to replace competitive activities with cooperative activities, and to modify competitive activities in ways that reduce competitiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Competition Good or Bad or any similar topic only for you Order Now In its most extreme form, this kind of criticism within the physical-education profession suggests that competitive activities are harmful for children. The issue can be viewed from another perspective. The issue is not whether competition is all good or all bade, but rather is how we can eliminate bad competition and emphasize good competition. Good competition creates a festival atmosphere, with all the attending traditions, rituals, and celebrations. Good competition creates a forum within which children and youth can test themselves against accepted standards of excellence. Good competition involves rivalry, but never the kind of rivalry in which one side can win only to the extent that the other side loses. Good competition also means striving within the rules and traditions to do the best you can and then, when the competition is over, understanding that the winning or losing have little meaning outside the competition itself. Bad competition, on the other hand, should be eliminated. Using the rules to gain an advantage, assuming that the only way to win is to have the best score, disregarding the traditions and rituals of the activity, and letting the outcomes affect you after the competition is over are all indications of inappropriate competition. Students in physical education should learn the differences between good and bad competition. The only way they can do this is to have these things pointed out to them as they experience good competition. How to cite Is Competition Good or Bad, Essay examples

It is January 16, 1991, and the green light has be Essay Example For Students

It is January 16, 1991, and the green light has be Essay en given to move out, the Persian Gulf War is now for real. Mark Daniels is among the pilots with the first set of planes that are scheduled to attack Iraq. Mark is one of the top pilots in the Gulf at a young age of 23. Not only does Mark possess the intellectual skills that it takes to be a top fighter pilot, but he also has one of the toughest bodies. He is known to be able to handle more Gs than any other pilot in military history without passing out. Mark is one guy that the U. S. military is glad to have on their side. Mark completes the first air strikes against Iraq with ease. He would have several more days like this up to the 24th of February when the allied forces halted military actions. Kuwait was a mess, but it seemed as though the allies had done their job. There was also another reason to celebrate. The allies only lost 149 troops to Iraqs thousands and thousands. On April 6, it was officially over after Iraq agreed to a permanent cease-fire. Allied troops started hea ding home, including Mark. There were tears and laughs along with parades and other festivities to celebrate the wars end when troops returned home to their loving countries. As for Mark, he had done his job, he defeated the enemy and kept himself alive. His own personal joy and relief overwhelmed him to the extent of asking his girlfriend for her hand in marriage. She immediately said yes. Within a year and a half upon the years end, Mark and his wife had their first child. Their child was not born as healthy as they had hoped. Mark was devastated at his childs problems. Why did these things have to happen to his child? In the weeks to come, rumors were spreading that many babies of veterans were also born with problems. Veterans themselves were getting sick. Something was wrong, and people went to the government for answers. Those people didnt get what they expected. The governments only answer was that they had post-war stress. That didnt stop many though for trying to find out w hat was really going on. In reality, Mark Daniels only represents all of those who fought in the war. Just as he thought the government wasnt telling all they knew, so did real life people. Many reasons are now known to show that there is such a thing as Gulf War Syndrome (GWS) making people sick, and that the United States government is not telling the public all the facts. To understand the controversy surrounding Gulf War syndrome, its best to know a little bit about what it is. The problem with this unknown sickness is that the government doesnt believe it exists. The government believes that if GWS is anything, it is linked to post war stress, not chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons (4). Kenneth Bacon, a Pentagon spokesman states, The Pentagon has made some mistakes in its initial approach to veterans claims, but we still believe there is no such thing as Gulf War Syndrome (17). Studies on GWS, however, point to a different result. After the Persian Gulf War, veterans along with their families started to get sick. Symptoms include the following: muscle and joint pain, mood changes, concentration problems, headaches, insomnia, rashes, blisters, intestinal complaints, fatigue, visual problems, shortage of breath, hair loss, numbness in hands and feet, dental problems, chest pain, fevers, dizziness, sinus problems, sensitive senses, reproductive p roblems, and cancers. These symptoms alone are nothing to be worried about, but a large number of veterans were experiencing at least several of these problems at one time (Brown). Also, reports indicate that 70% of the troops that served in the Gulf War are no longer serving in the military, and 50% of those claim to have left because of medical problems. About 490,000 troops have gone to Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals because of GWS (ABDC). Studies also show that almost 67% of babies born to Gulf War veterans have birth defects that include Goldenhar Syndrome, missing limbs, chronic infections, failure to thrive,

Crime Detection Essays - Forensic Evidence, Evidence Law

Crime Detection In recent times, science has provided substantial aid to crime detection. Because anything in the physical universe has the potential of becoming an item of evidence in an investigation, a wide variety of procedures may be used in analyzing and interpreting evidence in a criminal case. These procedures include handwriting analysis, forensic photography, crime scene documentation, metallurgical investigations, chain of custody, entomology, and blood spatters. The first thing you do after securing a crime scene is document it. Always take pictures. They are the best records available. They show the crime scene as it was found; where objects are in relation to other objects, victims, rooms, etc. Take notes. Describe the scene, it's over all conditions. Describe rooms, lights, shades, locks, food; anything that can indicate a time frame, condition of scene or that might have even the slightest evidentiary significance. Check dates on mail and newspapers. Diagram the crime scene. Take measurements. Photos are good to show where an object is in relation to another object, but measurements tell exactly how far. True handwriting analysis involves painstaking examination of the design, shape and structure of handwriting to determine authorship of a given handwriting sample. The basic principle underlying handwriting analysis is that no two people write the exact same thing the exact same way. Every person develops unique peculiarities and characteristics in their handwriting. Handwriting analysis looks at letter formations, connecting strokes between the letters, upstrokes, retraces, down strokes, spacing, baseline, curves, size, distortions, hesitations and a number of other characteristics of handwriting. By examining these details and variations in a questioned sample and comparing them to a sample of known authorship, a determination can be made as the whether or not the authorship is genuine. Another is, Metallurgical Investigations--examinations make it possible to identify the source of an item?whether made of metal, plastic, ceramic, or other material?found at a crime scene, and further, to determine if two similar items were fractured from each other, the nature of the force causing the fracture, the direction from which the force came, and the time when the fragments became separated. Such identification helps trace the evidence to its owner. The metallurgist can also restore obliterated or altered numbers on objects of any material. Mineralogical Investigations is the science of mineralogy is also used in crime detection. The mineralogist studies soil, plaster, cement, brick, concrete, and glass for any evidence. Mineral analyses have shown that differences may be detected in soil composition. Soil and dust found on a suspect's clothing and determined to be comparable to that at the crime scene help to prove the person's presence in that locality. Toxicology may be defined as the science of poisons special methods of analytical chemistry have been developed for use in toxicological examinations. The specimens ordinarily examined in cases of suspected poisoning are tissue samples from vital organs, blood or urine, food, drink, and the suspected poison itself. Firearms are identified through microscopic imperfections that are produced inadvertently in gun barrels during manufacture. Subsequent use and wear contribute further to a weapon's individuality. Chain of Custody is of paramount importance to any investigation. It is the unbroken sequence of events that is caused by an item of evidence from the time it is found at the crime scene to the time it appears in court. Every link in this chain is documented, from discovery at the crime scene, through evidence gathering, storage, and lab analysis return to storage, and transfer to court. Every link is documented by date, time, and handling individual, what was done with the evidence by that individual. If chain of custody is broken, if the evidence cannot be accounted in one step of its journey from crime scene to courtroom, it is rendered inadmissible; useless to the case. Blood spatters help a great deal in reconstructing a crime scene. They can be used to corroborate or disprove and alibi. They can be used to convict the guilty. There is much more to it than looking at a stain or spatter and saying, "This is where the crime took place." The patterns of the spatters and the shapes of the individual blood droplets themselves can tell how the crime was committed. Drops falling from different heights (i.e. at different speeds) will leave different looking spatters. A drop falling from a low height of a few inches will leave a small cohesive circle. At greater heights, the circle will be larger and may even have a 'crown' effect. Hitting a surface at an angle does even more to disrupt a blood droplet. Perpendicular impact

Exposition of 3 characters in Fight Club essays

Exposition of 3 characters in Fight Club essays I'm starting to wonder if Tyler and Marla are the same person. As indicated in the novel Fight Club, written by Chuck Palahniuk, there is an individual with a split personality. But is there more to this split personality than just your average two sides? Is there a third personality living within the narrators mind? Tyler, the more riskier and dangerous side, comes out when no name, the narrator, goes to sleep. Throughout the book, mention of the word 'trinity' plays off in continuous displaying of items in three. So it leaves you to wonder, are there three individuals lurking in no names mind? First off, the narrator is inflicted with insomnia, a sleeping disorder. Some nights he can't sleep, and often doesn't go to sleep for weeks at a time. His case of insomnia is even more of a dispute because of his split personality. His two identities almost exist as two contrasting people. The narrator works during the day, meanwhile Tyler, his other side, works the night shift. Carrying on life as if Tyler was his best friend, no name talks about him and lives as if he was physically there. No name met Tyler at a nude beach and was watching his naked, sweaty, gritty body, lure driftwood onto the shore. Tyler is not like normal people; not only can Tyler do anything he wants, but he can also have whomever he wants. In this case, Tyler wants and has Marla. Tyler demands respect, and at Fight Club he gets it. He has jobs he hates, and can manage to blackmail his bosses into paying him for doing nothing. Tyler is free in a sense that he can get away with anything he does, unlike the narrator who is stuck in his job and to the life he has created for himself. To the narrator, Tyler is how he wants to be, yet he doesn't realize that this self-confident, self dependent person is really himself. Chuck Palahniuk uses many techniques and styles of writing to get the reader to read between the lines. The constant repeating of w...

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Management - Essay Example The case issued finds the performance differentiated in the electronics and appliance departments. The electronics department performance is impeccable at the production and quality department as compared to the appliance division. The explanation to variations in performance is due to the lack of the necessary resources and poor tactics applied in production. The post suggests the application of contemporary marketing and production resources to yield increased results needed to develop an organization. Furthermore, there is the need to balance the strategies needed in production within an organization to realize success and promote development attributes that shape progress within an organization (Griffin, 2012). Griffin (2012) state that the problems that the organization faces may be due to internal factors and the strategy applied by management to implement its policies. The regulation of employees through the human resource department and analysis of performance of the members may cause the difficulty noticed in delivering success. The other solution suggested include the initiation of the IE matrix that reviews the internal factors that affect organizational policies. The post is vital to articulate measures that limit the performance of the organizational departments that are needed to highlight overall

The customers perceived value on the IPhone Essay

The customers perceived value on the IPhone - Essay Example the area, (Sillignakis, 2002) therefore the author now will attempt to identify and analyze customers’ perceived value of one specific type of smart phone -- the IPhone. 1.4. Research objectives The research project will therefore seek to explore and investigate the following: Identify customer perceived value on smart phones. Identify factors that influence the behaviour of mobile phone consumers. Examine the iPhone’s customer value offering. Provide an evaluation of the iPhone’s existing value proposition by comparing and contrasting it against a competitor i.e. Blackberry. 2. Literature review (30%) 2.1. What is customer value Based on Grewal et al, (1998, p.48) and Petric and Backman’s (2002, p.39) notion it can be argued that the iPhone’s CPV is conceptualised in two dimensions i.e. Acquisition and Transactional value. The suggestion is that customers are rational economic decision-makers who process information in order to maximize value (Shet h, 1979)vii; as such, customer value is principally conceptualised as a trade-off between the price of the iPhone and its quality (Holbrook, 2006)viii. Sheth et al (1991)’s â€Å"five Values† conceptual framework questions the economic assumption that consumers evaluate purchase and usage decisions with a calculator-like approach (Holbrook, 2006). Instead Holbrook and Hirschman (1982)ix proposed the experiential approach and introduced new concepts such as feelings, fantasies, and fun (Holbrook, 2006). Rather, consumer decision processes embrace complex motivation that includes both intrinsic and extrinsic values (Holbrook, 2005; 2006)x. Woodruff (1997)xi defines customer value as the emotional bond established between customer and producer after the customer has used a salient product or service produced by that... This research will begin with the explanation of what the customer value is. Based on Grewal et al, and Petric and Backman’s notion it can be argued that the iPhone’s CPV is conceptualised in two dimensions i.e. Acquisition and Transactional value. The suggestion is that customers are rational economic decision-makers who process information in order to maximize value; as such, customer value is principally conceptualised as a trade-off between the price of the iPhone and its quality. Sheth et al’s â€Å"five Values† conceptual framework questions the economic assumption that consumers evaluate purchase and usage decisions with a calculator-like approach. Instead Holbrook and Hirschman proposed the experiential approach and introduced new concepts such as feelings, fantasies, and fun. Rather, consumer decision processes embrace complex motivation that includes both intrinsic and extrinsic values. Woodruff defines customer value as the emotional bond establ ished between customer and producer after the customer has used a salient product or service produced by that supplier and found the product to provide an added value. In other words, customer value is determined by the customer rather than objectively determined by the seller. The consumer behaviour is "The study of individuals, groups, or organisations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Law - Essay Example â€Å"When at the desire of the promisor, the promise or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or abstain from doing something, such an act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise.† â€Å"A contract is an agreement enforceable at law made between two or more persons by which rights are acquired by one or more to acts or forbearance on the part of the other or others.† (Quoted in ReportBD.com) Since both the plaintiff and defendant maintained social relationship, the agreement between them was a bit social in nature, as there was no intention of either of the parties to enter into any legal remedies against non-compliance of either of the parties to the contract. There are two types of agreements i.e. Social agreements are the agreements which are just promises between two or more persons or parties, but do not enjoy the status of contract. For example one person invites another at his office to have dinner with him, but if he fails to host the promised dinner, no legal remedy can be demanded, as it is social agreement in nature. Such promises do not bind the parties, to fulfil the promise, thus no legal rights between the parties are created, as in the case of Balfour and Balfour (1919) 2 KB 571: â€Å"When a husband failed to pay a promised allowance, the wife sued. The court announced the judgement in these words: "There are agreements between parties which do not result in contracts within the meaning of that term in our law. The ordinary example is where two parties agree to take a walk together (or) arrangements which are made between husband and wife. They are not contracts because the parties did not intend that they should be attended by legal consequences. Each house is a domain into which the Kings writ does not seek to run.† (Quoted in Duhaimes Canadian Contract Law Centre) On the other hand,

Role of National Security in Pakistan

Role of National Security in Pakistan Pakistan had its first ever created national security policy from the day of its independence. At this stage it is important that Pakistan formed a comprehensive plan for the government for next five years to over come the difficulties of terrorism and low economic condition. Also the increasing terrorism in Pakistan has some severe issues on its national security. Much of the loss Pakistan faced in the previous some decades was due to the terrorism which is increasing day by day. This security policy is very significant in formulation because it shows a great effort to over come the situation of terrorism and we need a strategy plan to eliminate the security issues existing in our country. That internal policy made into soft component and hard component are comprehensive responsive plan (CRP) and composite deterrence plan(CDP) , respectively. These are set to combat against the threats to internal security. It is also criticize on some occasions but as a whole it is significant that the NSP is essential for this situation in Pakistan. What Is National Security? After the world war 2 , the different countries wants to be stable condidition in their countries. While their internal and external relations are not well.they are not advocated properly and need some kind of security measures to improve the condition of their relations with others. So in view of these instability America made its first policy which ensures their security measures at best level. Thus they made a council to take some serious steps in terms of their security making institutions.[1] In this way it is become the important factor to formulize the internal as well as external security policy for a better long term relations with others. What’s Included In National Security Policy? The national security policy (NSP) is not limited to the extent of security measures of a state. Thus it is now a wider term comprises of: economic , social , political and military strategy was well as the foreign policy. The secret agencies work under the government to uphold the situation of peace in the country and save it from the internal and external threats. As for a progress of a country it is essential for it that it hold a strong command over its economy and also its political structure be in democratic way transerfer from one to other in a fair manner. As terrorism is a fact who mostly mostly affected many of the countries and especially of the countries in which we live. The danger to our country lies in the policy making of our country and also the alliencies to which we are sided and on what basis we support them. Thus the national security policy determine our future and had a significant role in a countrys progress. Why Is There Any Need Of National Security Policy? One may asked that what so important in national security policy that’s it is essential for our country. The answer is very simple that from the day of independence Pakistan face issue of its existence. As in those days india is not ready to accept independence of Pakistan that’s why Pakistan has always a threat form india over its existence. Also india behavour over the neccession of states and war of 1948 , Pakistan has always a defensive position and had serious threats from some aliens force that’s why its impact on pakistans policy always remains. The Kashmir issue and Afghanistan role in 50s over independence of pakhtonistan become the hurdles in pakistans security threats and for that reason Pakistan has always remain in a defensive position. Also the increasing terrorism in Pakistan has some severe issues on its national security. Much of the loss Pakistan faced in the previous some decades was due to the terrorism which is increasing day by day. Due to instability of politics of Pakistan the democracy didn’t perform well and thus major decision were made by the dictators in Pakistan,for which Pakistan still faces crisis in every field due to improper planning. [2] The military intervention in Pakistans politics proves so fatal that its consequences are still observed in multiple forms. Thus due to these factors the national security didn’t operate well or didn’t made it to the required level. And Pakistan always faced crisis over Kashmir issue and in afghanistans issue. Emergence Of National Security Policy In Pakistan The concept of NSP arose in the regime of general yahaya khan who recommendation of the admiral ahsan formed a national security council (NSC). A NSC is formed to update the president and prime minister directly. Its main function os to provide the basic information on internal security. This NSC is dissolved by zulfiqar ali Bhutto and defense committee of cabinet (DCC) was created in its place. Then it is reconstructed by general zia ul haq. After this is remain in active for a long time as it is dissolved by DCC again by Benazir Bhutto. After that it is made active by general pervaiz musharraf in 2004 in which he made tariq aziz a civil bureucreat the secretary of NSC council. It worked for a long time unless in 2008 when ppp convert it into DCC agsin. The reason for not working properly this NSC was that it is always involved in the politics and help military to take over the civilian governments due to the members of its which are mostly from the retired military officers and bureucreats. That’s the reason it is become unfavourite for The civilian government and they always against this because they take care of the politics and not concern in making national security policy. Re-Construction Of NSC In Nawaz Regime 2013 As the nawaz sharif won the election of 2013 by majority seats of national assembly and formed a government in the center he thus made the sartaj aziz secretetary of national security council on june 2013. They greatly emphazised by the interior minister to formulat the national security policy in order to come over the terrorism situation in Pakistan. The interior minister ch. Nisar greatly contribute in the formulation of national security policy whose efforts are came up with the NISP of Pakistan and then presented to the NA of Pakistan to passed it but was delayed due to some improvements in it. This security policy is very significant in formulation because it shows a great effort to over come the situation of terrorism and we need a stretagy plan to eliminate the security issues existing in our country. Draft of national security policy for 2013-14 in Pakistan: The policy introduced by government of Pakistan comprises over three parts i,e Strategic Operational Secret There is some problem with this type of division because it is difficult to understand as it is comprises over some secret information which is not shareable with the public but it is appreciated that it is on such issues which are key factor for this policy.[3] It includes sovereignty of Pakistan and according to it the peace talk to stakeholder can be only one condition that the isolation of extremist from alien agencies funding. The NISP is formed due to the global terrorism in the whole of world and also the issue of Afghanistan and its effects to the pakistans security. Also focuses on the elimination of extremism, sectarianism , terrorism and militancy from our country and an adequate planning on it. The NISP also includes the internal security especially , but also focus on external security and strategy to come over such threats. This will remain included in the ministry of defense jurisdiction. The focus on other issues such as social , economic , environmental and political issues also included in the draft. Civil liberty emphasis in National security policy and ensure their safety. The threat perception as Pakistan face some serious extremism on its social and economic level. Also to break the shadow linkage of these organizations. Also to maintain writ of state. Ensures fundamental rights of people. As said earlier that internal policy made into soft component and hard component are comprehensive responsive plan (CRP) and composite deterrence plan(CDP) , respectively.these are set to combat against the threats to internal security. The first component of CRP comprise on peace talks and also the rehabilitation of the victims of terrorism. The programme of reconstruction of those institutions affected by the terrorism are monitor by NACTA. NACTA will develop de-radicalisation with help of NISP. NACTA will also started a reconciliation with consultation of various groups for peace building process in Pakistan. The re-integration process provides people to improve their economic condition by applying Youth Engagement Strategy (YES). It also improves the educational madrassas system by supporting them in their finance and administration system. The NISP will also focus to come up with certain legal reforms in our legal system to improve the judicial system as well as ensures fundamental rights of people by courts. NACTA represents the reports on how to improve the prosecution , judiciary and police etc. Composite deterrene plan (CDP) will allow many national internal security apparatus to work properly and provides them full technique help on all issues. The NISP also improves the national internal security institutions. An awareness to people is given to stop the extremism , sectarianism and terrorism through media , civil society. The implementation on the de-radicalization also included so that the rehabilitation may acquire upto a desire level. A proper gateway to monitor madrassas and religious institutions at federal and provincial level. Improve the situation of socially and economic of terrorism affected areas at federal and provincial level. The rehabilitation of children , women and minorities must be ensured. The places of national heritage must be preserved under a specific policy. Steps should be taken to de-ammunize the cities. Steps should be taken to evoke the misuse of media , social media and reforms on issuance of new mobile sim. The cybercrimes prohibited and take measures against it.[4] Improve national database system so that the identification of people and evaluaton on their assets be ensured. The measurement on the problem of afghan refugees and control their movement under the law. Steps taken to stop the smuggling in country and improvement in border line security. An agency of directorate of internal security (DIS) is made which will work under NACTA. This agency had 33 members which are from civilians as well as from military men who works together to conduct intelligence on internal security. This will eliminate terrorism from country and also ensures public safety. There should be a federal rapid response force (FRRF) with counter terrorism department (CTD) which works in Capital Terroritery , FATA , Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan with their unique coordination and command. Beside this there should be a provincial rapid response force (PRRF) with CTD also exist at provincial level. Also taken measure for the destruction of biological weapons and its use is prohibited. The international cooperation is required to control global terrorism and also their coordination. All agencies report issues to NACTA within 30 days limit. The information is also provided to ministry of defense under which they work and provide them with full information where required . Also the information from public required and suggestions are invited through intelligence and media. These suggestion are improved NISP by NACTA. Implementation Of The National Security Policy The implementation of the NSP is ensured by the counter terrorism department CTD with the help of police and other institutions of the type because the coordination and proper cooperation it is not implement. The police will help the DIS to gather information and present it to the national internal security operation center (NISOC) for further improvement in NSP. The police shall establish a specialized counter terrorism department for their help and maintenance and establishment of weapons and machinery exist according to NSP.[5] The facility of air flight emergency shall provided to these institutions. Good Intentions In National Security Policy The NACTA is an important step by the government as this NACTA (National Counter Terrorism Authority) is linkage between federal and provincial level and also between the security agencies because the lack of coordination can result in very drastic condition of security issues and face crises after this lack of coordination. Reforms in madrassas also appreciable. Cooperation between civil and military institutions Issue of afghan refugees Cooperation between federal and provincial level Action against cybercrimes Formulation of RRF(rapid responsive force ) Fundamental Rights of people Process of rehabilitation , reconciliation and reconstruction of terrorism affected areas Isolation of terrorist Criticism On National Security Policy Some of the issues are criticize in the national security policy of Pakistan and also some suggestions are given to government on this draft which are as follows: As the policy divides into three parts that is strategic , operational and secret so the classification or justification of issues become so confused that one may not defined them in proper category. The draft as said the extremism , sectarianism , terrorism and militancy division but the document need some explanation on their difference so that people should aware properly in this respect. As civil liberties are ensured but there is not a comprehensive legal regime in this respect and need a committee of jurist to overview the legal system. Also the disputes are peacefully solve under the rule of law but the extremist didn’t admit rule of law of state so what will the basis for the talks with the stakeholders are need to be improve. There are also some protection on comprehensive response plan CRP and combined deterrence plan CDP and need some justification on such issues. The cooperation between the federal responsive force RRF and provincial responsive force exist but what if they are not agreed on the cooperation. Instead of making the counter terrorism department the reforms shall be introduced in the police and made CTD under the police so that the security issues can be made better.[6] Also the security institutions need some men with brains not with guns and officials should be involved in the field of communication , forensic , lawyers , and financial experts etc. In short there may be some flaws in the national security but its significance can not be denied at all and it’s a good step taken by government. Nowadays as there are concept of global terrorism and without a strict cooperation between institutions the peace situation can never be achieved. So for a peaceful environment these steps should be taken at all cost. This NSP hope best prove for our country and we achieved a situation of law and order in our Pakistan. It is also criticize on some occasions but as a whole it is significant that the NSP is essential for this situation in Pakistan. Bibliography http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy (accessed 5 6, 14). †¢ http://www.fas.org/man/docs/nssr-98 (accessed 5 7, 14). http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/NR/rdonlyres/9EE78C07-C971-440B-B297- (accessed 5 7, 14). PILDAT. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/CMR/NationalInternalSecurtiyPolicy_AnAnalysis (accessed 04 05, 2014). the nation. http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/06-Mar-2014/mnas-for-joint-session-to-debate-nisp (accessed 5 5, 2014). WN.COM. http://article.wn.com/view/2014/03/02/Internal_Security_Policy_aims_for_deradicalisation_in_Pakist/ (accessed 5 5, 2014). alarabiya. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/world/2014/03/04/Imperatives-of-Pakistan-National-Security-Policy.html (accessed 5 6, 14). haider, ejaz. (accessed 5 6http://newsweekpakistan.com/national-internal-security-policy-and-the-road-ahead/, 14). the hindu.com. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/internal-security-policy-aims-for-deradicalisation-in-pakistan/article5743530.ece (accessed 5 6, 14). [1] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). [2] PILDAT. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/CMR/NationalInternalSecurtiyPolicy_AnAnalysis (accessed 04 05, 2014). [3] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). [4] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). [5] the nation. http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/06-Mar-2014/mnas-for-joint-session-to-debate-nisp (accessed 5 5, 2014). [6] http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy (accessed 5 6, 14).

Hester Prynne Essay -- essays research papers

Hester Prynne   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, a dark tale of sin and redemption,centers around the small Puritan community of Boston during the 17th century. In the midst of this small community is Hester Prynne. She is a woman that has defied the Puritans, taken the consequences and in the end conformed with the Puritans. It did, however, take great effort to settle down and become a women of honor again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester Prynne, through the eyes of the Puritans, is an extreme sinner. She has gone against the Puritan ways by committing Adultery. The Puritans believed that Hester was a lost soul that could only be saved by sincere and thorough repentance. For this irrevocably harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the beginning, we see that Hester Prynne is a young and beautiful woman who has bought a child into the world with an unknown father. Hester, to the reader, is obviously a woman who has violated a strict social and religious code, but who has sinned in an affirmation of love and life. The Puritans do not take her feelings into account. They are people that take things as being right or wrong. Committing adultery is seen as wrong in the Bible, and therefore Puritans do not care of the circumstances. The Puritans are grim, forbidding people. Nonetheless they have a degree of dignity and authority. They lack sympathy and discrimination. In their eyes all crimes are equal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester is punished by the Puritan society by wearing the scarlet letter A on the bosom of her dress and standing on “the weather darkened scaffold';(p.234) for three hours. The Scaffold is a painful task to bear. The townspeople have gathered around to gossip and stare at her. They yell horrid things at her. One matron screams “At the very least, they should have put the brand of hot iron to her forehead.'; (p.59) Obviously, the Puritans did not believe that this punishment was cruel enough. The screams of this matron showed just how unforgiving the Puritans were. Here one can see the difference between the Puritans and Hester. She was standing on scaffold shedding her honor because she had sinned in love. Although she had committed a sin, the reasons behind it were because she was truly in love. T... ...athe the ways of her child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As time went by, Hester came more in contact with the Puritans of the town. She had come to conform with their belief that redemption would save her soul. She gave her life to God, by visiting the sick and sowing for the poor. She came to be revered by most members of the community because of her actions. The scarlet letter, for many had come to represent able, not adultery. Her strength to satisfy the needs of others and comfort them was a gift many towns people respected. As time went by, Hester was no longer conforming to Puritan ways of redemption. She was doing kind things because it bought her pleasure and peace of mind. The word in the town was that the letter no longer stood for adultery and indeed stood for able. Hester became strong with the letter. She had let it be a part of her for many years while Pearl’s father, minister Dimesdale, had covered it and it had gnawed at his soul. Hester was no longer hurt by the letter neither did she feel guilt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester Prynne had committed a sin which the Puritans believed took her soul. In the end, however, her sin had become part of her